Chapter 1: Introduction to Aretotherapy

This document provides a concise overview of the philosophical foundations of Aretotherapy, a method of psychotherapy inspired by Stoic and Socratic principles that I have developed. The term "Aretotherapy" is intended to highlight the focus on the rational being's drive towards excellence. This therapeutic approach can be utilized in individual sessions or as a group therapy model, which I have termed the "Prokopton Project." While this discussion will primarily focus on the underlying philosophy, it will not delve into specific therapeutic techniques.

The inception of this project stems from a rising interest in Stoicism within my community, especially regarding its application in daily living. I hold an Honours degree in Psychology and a Master’s in Counselling and Psychotherapy. I contend that philosophy can provide meaningful alternatives to or enhancements of conventional biopsychosocial models of mental well-being.

Viktor Frankl's Logotherapy is acknowledged as the Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy, emphasizing the will-to-meaning, in contrast to Freud's and Adler's focus on pleasure and power, respectively. Similarly, our "Prokopton Project" emphasizes an existential focus, specifically the rational being's pursuit of excellence.

In Stoic thought, "excellence" translates to "arete," synonymous with "virtue." We propose that the rational being's will-to-excellence signifies a continuous effort towards its natural objectives, supported by education in the philosophical doctrines of Socrates and the Stoics. This pursuit of virtue entails making astute use of what lies within our control (Eph' Hēmin), which necessitates scrutinizing how beliefs shape understanding and addressing contradictions and errors in reasoning.

Understanding 'Doing Well' (Euprattein) as a 'Good Agent'

According to Diogenes Laertius, Stoic philosophy posits that an animal's primary instinct is self-preservation, a notion echoed by Chrysippus in "On Goals." He asserts that animals are innately inclined to pursue what is beneficial to them. Once rationality is introduced, it becomes the guiding force for a rational being’s actions.

However, a challenge arises for rational beings: what seems reasonable may not be genuinely rational. Assuming that an individual striving for virtue may mistakenly judge their choices, the design of human nature encourages the pursuit of what is deemed congenial. Thus, the rational being may believe they have correctly aligned with 'the Good' and may perceive themselves as a 'Good agent.'

When an individual believes they have achieved 'the Good,' they mobilize their efforts towards it. Success or failure in this pursuit shapes their self-perception as a 'Good agent.' A lack of clarity in understanding what is truly desired can lead to feelings of inadequacy and failure.

Plato's Socratic view implies that we inherently seek the Good, and no one willingly chooses anything they do not consider good.

It’s plausible that, without this recognition, individuals may seek validation from others. When this is not forthcoming, it can lead to feelings of resentment or criticism of others, often as a misguided attempt to affirm their own perceived goodness.

Summary of Psychopathology

This scenario leads to increasingly desperate measures. The stakes are high for those who perceive themselves as failing to achieve a satisfactory state of being. They may resort to extreme strategies to eliminate perceived threats, which can culminate in psychological distress. Freud suggests that distractions like religion, drugs, or entertainment can serve as coping mechanisms.

Alternatively, if a rational being believes they possess 'the Good,' they see themselves as a rightful 'Good agent' deserving of acknowledgment. When this recognition is lacking, cognitive dissonance may ensue, leading to feelings of unhappiness and conflict with others. Such individuals may blame others for not recognizing their status, further complicating their pursuit of happiness.

Conversely, adopting a Stoic perspective reveals that there exists specific knowledge about achieving well-being. If we often base our happiness on false impressions, we risk living precariously. The dissonance between our innate understanding of the Good and our flawed perceptions can result in confusion and anxiety.

In summary, the Stoic-Socratic approach posits that a true 'Good agent' is one who knows their purpose, understands how to fulfill it, and acts accordingly with what they possess.

Options for the Distressed Individual

What can be done when an individual recognizes the inconsistencies undermining their happiness? Common responses include:

1. Ignoring or escaping the contradiction through entertainment or substances.
2. Projecting blame onto external factors to alleviate discomfort.

Such responses are misguided attempts to manage the environment, allowing individuals to maintain the illusion of being 'Good.' However, failure in these efforts can lead to worsening psychological conditions, with mental disorders often serving as extreme attempts to control one's surroundings.

This account illustrates a critical cognitive bias that drives individuals to fabricate narratives that present them as 'Good agents.' Holding firmly to this narrative can lead to hyper-vigilance, social conflict, and an increasingly constricted environment.

It’s crucial to recognize that true control over our surroundings is unattainable. However, as rational beings, we can harness our metacognitive abilities to shape our perspectives, understanding that our inherent qualities suffice for cultivating virtue and achieving well-being. While attempts to control others can lead to manipulation, a philosophical approach focuses on what lies within our control.

The practice of Aretotherapy embodies this theoretical framework, aimed at developing one's will-to-excellence. This method can be integrated with ongoing study of Stoic texts and Socratic dialogues, potentially serving as a novel form of 'Bibliotherapy.' As a therapeutic modality, it draws from Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), Well-Being Therapy, and Kohut's Self Psychology.

For more insights on Aretotherapy, feel free to reach out to me at [email protected].

Chapter 2: Exploring Aretotherapy in Depth

In this official full album stream, "Neverafter" by Andy Gillion presents a musical exploration that resonates with themes of existential reflection and the pursuit of virtue.

"Poisoned" by Nif offers a poignant examination of the struggles inherent in the journey towards self-discovery, echoing many elements of the Aretotherapy philosophy.